REPORT BRIEF MARCH 2011
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The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People
Building a Foundation for Better Understanding
At a time when lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals—often referred to under the umbrella acronym LGBT—are becoming more visible in society and more socially acknowledged, clinicians and researchers are faced with incomplete information about their health status. While LGBT populations often are combined as a single entity for research and advocacy purposes, each is a distinct population group with its own specific health needs. Furthermore, the experiences of LGBT individuals are not uniform and are shaped by factors of race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographical location, and age, any of which can have an effect on health-related concerns and needs. While some research about the health of LGBT populations has been conducted, researchers still have a great deal to learn. To help assess the state of the science, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to assess current knowledge of the health status of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations; to identify research gaps and opportunities; and to outline a research agenda to help NIH focus its research in this area. A committee of experts was convened by the IOM to consider this task, and its findings are presented in its report, The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding.
Conducting Research on LGBT Populations Researchers face a number of challenges in understanding the health needs of LGBT populations, including a lack of data. In order to address this, the
Researchers face a number of challenges in understanding the health needs of LGBT populations, including a lack of data.
committee recommends collecting data on sexual orientation and gender identity in health surveys administered by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and other relevant federally funded surveys. Data on sexual and gender minorities should be included in the battery of demographic information that is collected in federally funded surveys, in the same way that race and ethnicity data are collected. In addition, data on sexual orientation and gender identity should be collected in electronic health records and could be included among other demographic information collected. While all data collected in electronic health records are subjected to high levels of privacy and security protections, information on sexual orientation and gender identity could be perceived by some as more sensitive than other information. Asking study participants about their sexual orientation and gender identity also presents a challenge for researchers. While questions designed to elicit this information have been developed and used, the committee recommends that NIH support research to evaluate the questions and develop additional measures. Similarly, questions about sexual orientation and gender identity on federally funded surveys should be standardized to allow for the comparison and combination of data across large studies. Another challenge for researchers is the relatively small proportion of the U.S. population that LGBT populations represent; therefore, it is labor intensive and costly to recruit a large enough sample in general population surveys for meaningful analysis of these populations and subpopulations. The NIH should support methodological research aimed at developing innovative ways to conduct research with small populations and determining the best ways to collect information on sexual and gender minorities in research, health care, and other settings. Currently, opportunities for conducting NIH-sponsored research on LGBT health are limited. To encourage more research on LGBT health issues, the NIH should create a compre-
hensive research training program that would raise awareness of LGBT health issues among researchers. The committee recommends that the NIH encourage researchers to include sexual and gender minorities explicitly in their samples, using the NIH policy on the inclusion of women and racial and ethnic minorities in clinical research as a model. This would prompt researchers to consider these groups more frequently when applying for research grants.
Implementing a Research Agenda As an overarching goal, the committee calls for implementing a research agenda to advance knowledge and understanding of LGBT health. To account for the many areas in LGBT health that require research, the committee’s research agenda reflects the most pressing areas, specifically demographic research, social influences, health care inequities, intervention research, and transgender-specific health needs (see figure for priority research areas). To develop a more complete understanding of LGBT health issues, the committee recommends applying cross-cutting perspectives to the priority research areas to further the evidence base on LGBT health. The committee’s work was guided by the following four conceptual perspectives: • the minority stress model calls attention to the chronic stress that sexual and gender minorities may experience as a result of their stigmatization; • the life course perspective looks at how events at each stage of life influence subsequent stages; • the intersectionality perspective examines an individual’s multiple identities and the ways in which they interact; and • the social ecology perspective emphasizes that individuals are surrounded by spheres of influence, including families, communities, and society.
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To account for the many areas in LGBT health that require research, the committee’s research agenda reflects the most pressing areas, specifically demographic research, social influences, health care inequities, intervention research, and transgender-specific health needs.
LGBT Health Status Throughout the Life Course
Overall, the committee finds that research has not been conducted evenly across sexual and gender minority populations, with more research focusing on gay men and lesbians than on bisexual and transgender people. Research has not adequately examined subpopulations, particularly racial and ethnic groups. And most research has been conducted among adults, with a modest number of studies on adolescents and less attention on LGBT elders. From the available research, the committee noted a number of findings. Among others, these
While there are many different ways to present information about the health status of LGBT populations, the committee used the life course perspective to examine the health status of these populations in three life stages: childhood and adolescence, early/middle adulthood, and later adulthood. At each life stage, the committee studied mental health, physical health, risks and protective factors, health services, and contextual influences.
Figure 1: Research Agenda
A number of different conceptual perspectives can be applied to priority areas of research in order to further the evidence base for LGBT health issues.
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Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities Robert Graham (Chair) Professor of Family Medicine and Robert and Myfanwy Smith Chair, Department of Family Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
Daniel Kasprzyk Vice President and Director, Center for Excellence in Survey Research, National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD
Bobbie A. Berkowitz Dean and Mary O’Neil Mundinger Professor, Columbia University School of Nursing; Senior Vice President, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
Harvey J. Makadon Clinical Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Chestnut Hill, MA
Robert Blum William H. Gates, Sr. Professor and Chair, Department of Populations, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD Walter O. Bockting Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis Judith Bradford Co-Chair, The Fenway Institute; Director, Center for Population Research in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Health, Boston, MA Brian de Vries Professor of Gerontology, San Francisco State University, CA Robert Garofalo Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine and Director, Adolescent HIV Services, Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL
Charlotte J. Patterson Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville John L. Peterson Professor, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta Caitlin C. Ryan Director, Family Acceptance Project at the Marian Wright Edelman Institute, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA Mark A. Schuster William Berenberg Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and Chief, Division of General Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA Lowell J. Taylor Professor of Economics, Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA Ruth E. Zambrana Professor of Women’s Studies and Director of the Consortium on Race, Gender and Ethnicity, University of Maryland, College Park
Gregory Herek Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis Elizabeth A. Howell Associate Professor, Departments of Health Evidence and Policy and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science and Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
include that LGBT youth may have an elevated risk for attempted suicide and depression, and sexual minority youth may have higher rates of substance use than heterosexual youth; that one of the barriers to accessing quality health care for LGBT adults is a lack of providers who are knowledgeable about LGBT health needs as well as a fear of discrimination in health care settings; and that LGBT elders are more likely to rely on friends and others as caregivers rather than biological family members, at least in part because they are less likely to have children.
Conclusion Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals have unique health experiences and needs, but as a nation, we do not know exactly what these experiences and needs are. To advance understanding of the health needs of all LGBT individuals, researchers need more data about the demographics of these populations, improved methods for collecting and analyzing data, and an increased participation of sexual and gender minorities in research. Building a more solid evidence base for LGBT health concerns will not only benefit LGBT individuals, but also add to the repository of health information we have that pertains to all people. f
Study Staff Monica N. Feit Study Director Joshua Joseph Associate Program Officer Jon Q. Sanders Program Associate Karen M. Anderson Senior Program Officer
Frederick Erdtmann Director, Board on the Health of Select Populations Sarah Isquick Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellow, Fall 2010
Study Sponsor The National Institutes of Health
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